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Capelli, G. M. (1982). "Displacement of northern Wisconsin crayfish by Orconectes rusticus (Girard)." Limnology and Oceanography 27(4): 741-745.
    
Capelli, G. M. and P. A. Hamilton (1984). "Effects of food and shelter on aggressive activity in the crayfish  Orconectes Rusticus (Girard)." Journal of Crustacean Biology 4(2): 252-260.
    
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Capelli, G. M. and J. J. Magnuson (1983). "Morphoedaphic and biogeographic analysis of crayfish distribution in Northern Wisconsin." Journal of Crustacean Biology 3: 548-564.
    
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Cardille, J. A., D. W. Bolgrien, R. H. Wynne and J. W. Chipman (1996). Variation in landscape metrics derived from multiple independent classifications. Eco-Informa '96, Lake Buena Vista, Florida.
    
Carpenter, S., T. Frost, L. Persson, M. Power and D. Soto (1996). Freshwater ecosystems: linkages of complexity and processes. Functional roles of biodiversity: a global perspective. H. A. Mooney, J. H. Cushman, E. Medina, O. E. Sala and E.-D. Schulze, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: 299-225.
    
Carpenter, S., R. Lathrop, P. Nowak, D. Armstrong, E. Bennett, K. Brasier, B. Kahn and T. Reed-Anderson (2006). The ongoing experiment : the restoration of Lake Mendota. Long Term Dynamics of Lakes in the Landscape. J. J. Magnuson, T. K. Kratz and B. Benson, Oxford University Press: 236-257.
    
Carpenter, S. R. (1989). "Replication and treatment strength in whole-lake experiments." Ecology 70(2): 453-463.
    
Carpenter, S. R. (2008). Seeking adaptive change in Wisconsin's ecosystems. The Vanishing present: Wisconsin's  changing lands, waters, and wildlife. D. M. Waller and T. P. Rooney. Chicago, University of Chicago Press: 407-421.
    
Carpenter, S. R., V. Armburst, P. Arzberger, F. S. Chapin, J. J. Elser, E. J. Hackett, A. R. Ives, P. M. Kareiva, M. A. Leibold, P. Lundberg, M. Mangel, N. Merchant, W. W. Murdoch, M. A. Palmer, D. P. C. Peters, S. T. A. Pickett, K. K. Smith, D. H. Wall and A. S. Zimmerman (2009). "Accelerate synthesis in ecology and environmental sciences." BioScience 59: 699-701.
    
Carpenter, S. R., B. J. Benson, R. Biggs, J. W. Chipman, J. A. Foley, S. A. Golding, R. B. Hammer, P. C. Hanson, P. T. J. Johnson, A. M. Kamarainen, T. K. Kratz, R. C. Lathrop, K. D. McMahon, B. Provencher, J. A. Rusak, C. T. Solomon, E. H. Stanley, M. G. Turner, M. J. Vander Zanden, C.-H. Wu and H. Yuan (2007). "Understanding regional change: a comparison of two lake districts." BioScience 57(4): 323-335.
    
Carpenter, S. R. and W. A. Brock (2004). "Spatial complexity, resilience, and policy diversity: fishing on lake-rich landscapes." Ecology and Society 9(1): 8.
    
Carpenter, S. R. and W. A. Brock (2010). "Early warnings of regime shifts in spatial dynamics using the discrete Fourier transform." Ecosphere 1(5): article 10.
    
Carpenter, S. R., W. A. Brock, J. J. Cole, J. F. Kitchell and M. L. Pace (2008). "Leading indicators of trophic cascades." Ecology Letters 11: 128-138.
    
Carpenter, S. R., W. A. Brock and D. Ludwig (2002). Collapse, learning, and renewal. Panarchy : understanding transformations in human and natural systems. L. H. Gunderson and C. S. Holling. Washington, DC, Island Press: 173-193.
    
Carpenter, S. R., D. L. Christensen, J. Cole, J., K. L. Cottingham, J. R. Hodgson, J. F. Kitchell, S. E. Knight, M. L. Pace, D. M. Post, D. E. Schindler and N. Voichick (1995). "Biological control of eutrophication in lakes." Environmental Science and Technology 29(3): 784-786.
    
Carpenter, S. R., J. J. Cole, J. R. Hodgson, J. F. Kitchell, M. L. Pace, D. Bade, K. L. Cottingham, T. E. Essington, J. N. Houser and D. E. Schindler (2001). "Trophic cascades, nutrients, and lake productivity: whole-lake experiments." Ecological Monographs 71(2): 163-186.
    
Carpenter, S. R., J. J. Cole, J. F. Kitchell and M. L. Pace (2010). Chapter 4: Trophic cascades in lakes: Lessons and prospects. Trophic cascades: Predators, prey, and the changing dynamics of nature. J. Terborgh and J. A. Estes. Washington, D.C., Island Press.
    
Carpenter, S. R., J. J. Cole, M. L. Pace, R. Batt, W. A. Brock, T. Cline, J. Coloso, J. R. Hodgson, J. F. Kitchell, D. A. Seekell, L. Smith and B. Weidel (2011). "Early Warnings of Regime Shifts: A Whole-Ecosystem Experiment." Science 332(6033): 1079-1082.
    Catastrophic ecological regime shifts may be announced in advance by statistical early warning signals such as slowing return rates from perturbation and rising variance. The theoretical background for these indicators is rich, but real-world tests are rare, especially for whole ecosystems. We tested the hypothesis that these statistics would be early warning signals for an experimentally induced regime shift in an aquatic food web. We gradually added top predators to a lake over 3 years to destabilize its food web. An adjacent lake was monitored simultaneously as a reference ecosystem. Warning signals of a regime shift were evident in the manipulated lake during reorganization of the food web more than a year before the food web transition was complete, corroborating theory for leading indicators of ecological regime shifts.

Carpenter, S. R., J. J. Cole, M. L. Pace, M. Van de Bogert, D. L. Bade, D. Bastviken, C. M. Gille, J. R. Hodgson, J. F. Kitchell and E. S. Kritzberg (2005). "Ecosystem subsidies: terrestrial support of aquatic food webs from 13C addition to constrasting lakes." Ecology 86(10): 2637-2750.
    
Carpenter, S. R., T. M. Frost, D. Heisey and T. K. Kratz (1989). "Randomized intervention analysis and the interpretation of whole-ecosystem experiments." Ecology 70(4): 1142-1152.
    
Carpenter, S. R., T. M. Frost, A. R. Ives, J. F. Kitchell and T. K. Kratz (1994). Complexity, cascades, and compensation in ecosystems. Biodiversity:  Its Complexity and Role. M. Yasuno and M. M. Watanabe. Tokyo, Global Environmental Forum: 197-207.
    Carpenter, Kitchell

Carpenter, S. R., T. M. Frost, J. F. Kitchell and T. K. Kratz (1993). Species dynamics and global environmental change: a perspective from  ecosystem experiments. Biotic Interactions and Global Change. P. M. Kareiva, J. G. Kingsolver and R. B. Huey. Sunderland, Mass, Sinauer Associates, Inc.: 267-279.
    
Carpenter, S. R., T. M. Frost, J. F. Kitchell, T. K. Kratz, D. W. Schindler, J. Shearer, W. G. Sprules, M. J. Vanni and A. P. Zimmerman (1991). Patterns of primary production and herbivory in 25 North American lake ecosystems. Comparative Analyses of Ecosystems:  Patterns, Mechanisms, and Theories. J. Cole, G. Lovett and S. Findlay. New York, Springer-Verlag: 67-96.
    
Carpenter, S. R. and J. F. Kitchell (1984). "Plankton community structure and limnetic primary production." American Naturalist 124(2): 159-172.
    
Carpenter, S. R. and J. F. Kitchell (1987). "The temporal scale of variance in limnetic primary production." American Naturalist 129(3): 417-433.
    Carpenter, Kitchell

Carpenter, S. R. and J. F. Kitchell (1988). "Consumer control of lake productivity: Large scale experimental manipulations reveal complex interactions among lake organisms." BioScience 38(11): 764-769.
    
Carpenter, S. R. and J. F. Kitchell (1988). Introduction. Complex interactions in lake communities. S. R. Carpenter. New York, Springer-Verlag: 1-8.
    
Carpenter, S. R., J. F. Kitchell and J. R. Hodgson (1985). "Cascading trophic interactions and lake productivity." BioScience 35(10): 634-639.
    Carpenter, Kitchell

Carpenter, S. R., J. F. Kitchell, J. R. Hodgson, P. A. Cochran, J. J. Elser, M. M. Elser, D. M. Lodge, D. Kretchmer, X. He and C. N. Von Ende (1987). "Regulation of lake primary productivity by food web structure." Ecology 68(6): 1863-1876.
    
Carpenter, S. R., E. A. Levitt, G. D. Peterson, E. M. Bennett, T. D. Beard, J. A. Cardille and G. S. Cumming (2003). "Future of the lakes: scenarios for the future of Wisconsin's Northern Highland Lake District." Center for Limnology, UW Madison: 24pages, http://lakefutures.wisc.edu.
    
Carpenter, S. R. and D. M. Lodge (1986). "Effects of submersed macrophytes on ecosystem processes." Aquatic Botany 26: 341-370.
    
Champion, G. S. and M. P. Anderson (2000). Assessment of impacts on groundwater/lake systems using MODFLOW with a lake package: application to the Trout Lakes Basin, Northern Wisconsin. Madison, WI, Water Resources Institute
University of Wisconsin-Madison: 67.
    
Cheng, X. and M. P. Anderson (1993). "Numerical simulation of ground-water interaction with lakes allowing for fluctuating lake levels." Ground Water 31(6): 929-933.
    
Cheng, X. and M. P. Anderson (1994). "Simulating the influence of lake position on groundwater fluxes." Water Resources Research 30(7): 2041-2049.
    
Chipman, J. W., R. W. Kiefer and T. M. Lillesand (2004). Remote sensing The Engineering Handbook, 2nd edition. R. C. Dorf, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL,.
    
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Cochran, P. A. and J. D. Lyons (1986). "New distribution records for Wisconsin amphibians and reptiles." Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts & Letters 74: 138-141.
    
Cohen, J. E., T. Jonsson and S. R. Carpenter (2003). "Ecological community description using the food web, species abundance, and body size." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100(4): 1781-1786.
    
Colby, A. C. C., T. M. Frost and J. M. Fischer (1999). "Sponge distribution and lake chemistry in northern Wisconsin lakes: Minna Jewell's survey revisited." Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 44: 93-99.
    
Cole, J. J., N. F. Caraco, G. W. Kling and T. K. Kratz (1994). "Carbon dioxide supersaturation in the surface waters of lakes." Science 265: 1568-1570.
    
Cole, J. J., S. R. Carpenter, J. F. Kitchell and M. L. Pace (2002). "Pathways of organic carbon utilization in small lakes: results from a whole-lake 13C addition and coupled model." Limnology and Oceanography 46(6): 1664-1675.
    
Cole, J. J., S. R. Carpenter, M. L. Pace, M. Van de Bogert, J. F. Kitchell and J. R. Hodgson (2006). "Differential support of lake food webs by three types of terrestrial organic carbon." Ecology Letters 9(5): 558-568.
    
Cole, J. J., M. L. Pace, N. F. Caraco and G. S. Steinhart (1993). "Bacterial biomass and cell size distributions in lakes:  more and larger cells in anoxic waters." Limnology and Oceanography 38(8): 1627-1632.
    
Cole, J. J., M. L. Pace, S. R. Carpenter and J. F. Kitchell (2000). "Persistence of net heterotrophy in lakes during nutrient addition and food web manipulations." Limnology and Oceanography 45(8): 1718-1730.
    
Collins, S. L., F. Micheli and L. Hartt (2000). "A method to determine rates and patterns of variability in ecological communities." OIKOS 91: 285-293.
    
Cook, R. B., C. A. Kelly, J. C. Kingston and J. Kreis, R. G. (1987). "Chemical limnology of softwater lakes in the upper midwest." Biogeochem. 4:97-117.
    
Cottingham, K. L., S. R. Carpenter and A. L. St. Amand (1998). "Responses of epilimnetic phytoplankton to experimental nutrient enrichment in three small seepage lakes." Journal of Plankton Research 20(10): 1889-1914.
    
Cottingham, K. L. and S. E. Knight (1995). "Effects of Daphnia on the response of mesotrophic lakes to experimental enrichment." Water Science Technology 32(4): 157-163.
    
Cottingham, K. L., S. E. Knight, S. R. Carpenter, J. J. Cole, M. L. Pace and A. E. Wagner (1997). "Response of phytoplankton and bacteria to nutrients and zooplankton: a mesocosm experiment." Journal of Plankton Research 19(8): 995-1010.
    
Cottingham, K. L. and D. E. Schindler (2000). "Effects of grazer community structure on phytoplankton response to nutrient pulses." Ecology 81(1): 183-200.
    
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Denslow, J. S. (1987). "Fruit removal rates from aggregated and isolated bushes of the red  elderberry, Sambucus pubens." Can. J. Bot. 65: 1229-1235.
    
Descy, J. P., T. M. Frost and J. P. Hurley (1999). "Assessment of grazing by the freshwater copepod Diaptomus minutus using carotenoid pigments: a caution." Journal of Plankton Research 21(1): 127-145.
    
Descy, J.-P., H. Higgins, D. J. Mackey, J. P. Hurley and T. M. Frost (2000). "Pigments and phytoplankton composition in LTER lakes (Wisconsin, USA)." Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 27(2): 930-931.
    
Descy, J.-P., H. W. Higgins, D. J. Mackey and T. M. Frost (2000). "Pigment ratios and phytoplankton assessment in northern Wisconsin lakes." Journal of Phycology 36: 274-286.
    
Detenbeck, N. E. and P. L. Brezonik (1991). "Phosphorus sorption by sediments from a soft-water seepage lake. 1.  An evaluation of kinetic and equilibrium models." Environmental Science and Technology 25(3): 395-403.
    
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Dini, M. L. and S. R. Carpenter (1991). "The effect of whole-lake fish community manipulations on Daphnia migratory behavior." Limnology and Oceanography 36(2): 370-377.
    
Dixit, A. S., R. I. Hall, P. R. Leavitt, R. Quinlan and J. P. Smol (2000). "Effects of sequential depositional basins on lake response to urban and agricultural pollution: a palaeoecological analysis of the Qu' Appelle Valley, Saskatchewan, Canada." Freshwater Biology 43(3): 319-337.
    
Dobson, A., D. M. Lodge, J. Alder, G. S. Cumming, J. Keymer, J. McGlade, H. Mooney, J. A. Rusak, O. Sala, V. Wolters, D. Wall and M. A. Xenopoulos (2006). "Habitat loss, trophic collapse and the decline of ecosystem services." Ecology 87(8): 1915-1924.
    
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Essington, T. E., J. R. Hodgson and J. F. Kitchell (2000). "Role of satiation in the functional response of a piscivore, largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57(3): 548-556.
    
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Fischer, J. M. and T. M. Frost (1997). "Indirect effects of lake acidification on Chaoborus population dynamics: the role of food limitation and predation." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54(3): 637-646.
    
Fischer, J. M., T. M. Frost and A. R. Ives (2001). "Compensatory dynamics in zooplankton community responses to acidification: measurement and mechanisms." Ecological Applications 11(4): 1060-1072.
    
Fischer, J. M., J. L. Klug, A. R. Ives and T. M. Frost (2001). "Ecological history affects zooplankton community responses to acidification." Ecology 82(11): 2984-3000.
    
Fisher, M. M., J. L. Klug, G. Lauster, M. Newton and E. W. Triplett (2000). "Effects of resources and trophic interactions on freshwater bacterioplankton diversity." Microbial Ecology 40: 125-138.
    
Fisher, M. M. and E. W. Triplett (1999). "An automated approach for ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis of microbial diversity and its application to freshwater bacterial communities." Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 65: 4630-4636.
    
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Flanigon, T. H. (1942). "Limnological observations on three lakes in eastern Vilas County, Wisconsin." Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters 34: 167-175.
    
Flanigon, T. H. (1942). "Limnological survey of six lakes in Vilas County, Wisconsin with respect to  a fish management program." University of Wisconsin-Madison.
    
Fraterrigo, J. M. and J. A. Rusak (2008). "Disturbance-driven changes in variability of ecological patterns and processes." Ecology Letters 11(7): 756-770.
    
Fredrick, K. C., M. W. Becker, L. S. Matott, A. Daw, K. Bandilla and D. M. Flewelling (2006). "Development of a numerical groundwater flow model using SRTM elevations." Hydrogeology Journal 15(1): 171-181.
    
Frost, T. M. (1987). Porifera: chapter 2. Animal energetics, vol. 1, Academic Press. Chapter 2: 27-53.
    
Frost, T. M. (1991). Porifera Chapter 4. Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates. J. H. Thorp and A. P. Covich. San Diego, CA, Acedemic Press: 95-124.
    
Frost, T. M. (1998). "Book review: Vegetation Processes in the Pelagic: A Model for Ecosystem Theory by Colin S. Reynolds." Journal of the North American Benthological Society 17(1): 138-140.
    
Frost, T. M. (2001). Freshwater sponges. Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments. H. J. B. J.P. Smol, & W.M. Last. Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers. Volume 3: Terrestrial, algal, and siliceous indicators: 253-263.
    
Frost, T. M. and E. R. Blood (1996). The role of major research centers in the study of inland aquatic ecosystems. Freshwater ecosystems: revitalizing educational programs in limnology. Washington, D.C., National Academy Press: 279-288.
    
Frost, T. M., S. R. Carpenter, A. R. Ives and T. K. Kratz (1995). "Species compensation and complementarity in ecosystem function." Linking Species and Ecosystems: 224-239.
    
Frost, T. M., S. R. Carpenter and T. K. Kratz (1992). Choosing ecological indicators: effects of taxonomic aggregation on  sensitivity to stress and natural variability. Ecological  indicators. D. H. McKenzie, D. E. Hyatt and V. J. McDonald, Elsevier Applied Science. 1: 215-227.
    
Frost, T. M., D. L. DeAngelis, S. M. Bartell, D. J. Hall and S. H. Hurlbert (1988). Scale in the design and interpretation of aquatic community research. Complex interactions in lake communities. S. R. Carpenter, Springer-Verlag: 229-260.
    
Frost, T. M., J. P. Descy, B. T. DeStasio, G. Gerrish, J. Hood, J. P. Hurley and A. L. St. Amand (2000). "Evaluations of phytoplankton communities using varied techniques: a multi-media comparison of lakes in Northern Wisconsin USA." Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 27(2): 1023-1030.
    
Frost, T. M. and J. E. Elias (1990). The balance of autotrophy and heterotrophy in three freshwater sponges with algal symbionts. New Perspectives in Sponge Biology:  Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Biology of Sponges. K. Rutzler. Washington, DC, Smithsonian Institution Press: 478-484.
    
Frost, T. M. and J. M. Fischer (2000). Assessing the effects of acidification on aquatic ecosystems. Methods in Ecosystem Science. O. Sala, R. Jackson, H. Mooney and R. Howarth. New York, Springer: 330-340.
    
Frost, T. M., J. M. Fischer, P. L. Brezonik, M. J. Gonzalez, T. K. Kratz, C. J. Watras and K. E. Webster (2006). The experimental acidification of Little Rock Lake. Long-Term Dynamics of Lakes in the Landscape: Long-Term Ecological Research on North Temperate Lakes. J. J. Magnuson, T. K. Kratz and B. J. Benson, Oxford University Press: 168-186.
    
Frost, T. M., J. M. Fischer, J. L. Klug, S. E. Arnott and P. K. Montz (2006). "Trajectories of zooplankton recovery in the Little Rock Lake whole-lake acidification experiment." Ecological Applications 16(1): 353-367.
    
Frost, T. M., T. K. Kratz and J. J. Magnuson (1999). "Focus on field stations : Center for Limnology - Trout Lake Station, University of Wisconsin-Madison." Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 80(1): 70-73.
    
Frost, T. M. and P. K. Montz (1988). "Early zooplankton response to experimental acidification in Little Rock  Lake, Wisconsin, USA." Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 23: 2279-2285.
    
Frost, T. M., P. K. Montz, M. J. Gonzalez, B. L. Sanderson and S. E. Arnott (1998). "Rotifer responses to increased acidity: long-term patterns during the experimental manipulation of Little Rock Lake." Hydrobiologia 387/388: 141-152.
    
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